2018考研英語(yǔ)：長(zhǎng)難句是如何擴(kuò)展和構(gòu)成的？

　　一、句子擴(kuò)展：修飾成分加長(zhǎng)
　　(一)鉆石句型①主謂賓句型
　　The boy (主語(yǔ)) likes (謂語(yǔ)) English (賓語(yǔ)).
　　1.主語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　The clever boy likes English.
　　The boy with a book in his hand likes English.
　　The boy who is full of imagination likes English.
　　The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.
　　注：主語(yǔ)中心詞為the boy, 可以通過(guò)加形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句及其組合等成分使主語(yǔ)復(fù)雜化，從而增加理解難度。考研翻譯中的主語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)多為修飾成分繁多的主語(yǔ)。
　　2.謂語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　The boy likes English very much.
　　The boy likes English out of interest.
　　The boy likes English influenced by his parents.
　　The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.
　　The boy liked English when he was five years old.
　　注：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞like通過(guò)添加副詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，從而使句子變得復(fù)雜，增加了理解難度?？佳蟹g中注意找準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞及其修飾成分,以弄清邏輯關(guān)系。
　　3.賓語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　The boy likes American English.
　　The boy likes English, the international language.
　　The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.
　　The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.
　　The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.
　　注：賓語(yǔ)English通過(guò)添加形容詞(短語(yǔ))、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句、分詞短語(yǔ)及其組合進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，從而使簡(jiǎn)單句變得復(fù)雜化?？佳蟹g中要注意這些修飾成分，如分詞結(jié)構(gòu)要找出邏輯主語(yǔ)等，定語(yǔ)從句要找出先行詞，等等。
　　(二)鉆石句型②主系表句型
　　The girl (主語(yǔ)) is (系動(dòng)詞) Mary (表語(yǔ)).
　　各部分?jǐn)U展：
　　The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.
　　注：此句的擴(kuò)展同上(也是通過(guò)添加修飾成分變復(fù)雜)，不再贅述。
　　二、句子擴(kuò)展：成分替換
　　句子的復(fù)雜不僅體現(xiàn)在修飾成分繁多上，還體現(xiàn)在句子成分本身的復(fù)雜化上，下面就通過(guò)句子成分由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜的替換來(lái)演示句子是如何變難的。
　　(一)鉆石句型①主謂賓句型
　　主語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　The event amazed the world.
　　What happened on that day amazed the world.
　　To hold the Winter Olympics in China amazes the world.
　　Holding the Winter Olympics in China amazed the world.
　　That China is to hold the Winter Olympics amazes the world.
　　注：由此可見(jiàn)，充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的除了簡(jiǎn)單的名詞(短語(yǔ))、代詞、數(shù)詞，還可以是形式比較復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))、主語(yǔ)從句?？佳蟹g中明確這一點(diǎn)，才能打開(kāi)思路，更好地劃分句子成分，從而做到真正理解句意，進(jìn)而很好的用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。
　　賓語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　He can hear me.
　　He can hear the strange sound.
　　He can hear anything happening in the building.
　　He can hear the sound from that building.
　　He can hear a girl crying in the building.
　　He can hear whatever happens in the building.
　　He decided to check what’s going on in the building.
　　He considered going to the building for a look.
　　注：由此可見(jiàn)，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的除了簡(jiǎn)單的名詞(短語(yǔ))、代詞、數(shù)詞，還有形式比較復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))，動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))，賓語(yǔ)從句。同樣的，考研翻譯中明確這一點(diǎn)也非常重要，有助于打開(kāi)思路，理清句子成分。
　　(二)鉆石句型②主系表句型
　　主語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：鉆石句型①中的主語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展(成分替換)已經(jīng)很明確了，此處不再重復(fù)。
　　表語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展：
　　They are beautiful.
　　They are in the zoo.
　　They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
　　They are interested in the new invention.
　　To see is to believe.
　　That is what we are talking about.
　　注：由此可見(jiàn)，充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的成分繁多，有形容詞(短語(yǔ))，介詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))，分詞(短語(yǔ))，名詞，表語(yǔ)從句。在考研翻譯，中若這些充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的成分變得更長(zhǎng)一些，要注意識(shí)別。
　　三、示例
　　通過(guò)下面這個(gè)例子，并結(jié)合以上句子的擴(kuò)展，體驗(yàn)一下英文句子的各個(gè)成分及結(jié)構(gòu)。
　　But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
　　解析：
　　并列句。第一個(gè)分句主干：science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future為狀語(yǔ)修飾provide，the best available和to the future分別為guide的前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)，由此本句賓語(yǔ)被復(fù)雜化; 第二個(gè)分句主干：it is critical that...,其中，it為形式主語(yǔ)，that從句為真正的主語(yǔ)，從句主語(yǔ)為名詞短語(yǔ)our nation and the world, base...on...為固定搭配，第二個(gè)that從句為judgments的定語(yǔ)從句，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerning...為judgments的后置定語(yǔ)。